| Sažetak (hrvatski) | U radu se nastoji pokazati izvornost ideja Ruđera Boškovića i u području filozofije prirode. Pozornost se posvećuje središnjim pitanjima filozofije prirode kao što su neprekinutost (kontinuitet), sila, tvar, prostor, vrijeme, gibanje.
Uza sve teškoće koje su ukazivale na to da se zakon neprekinutosti krši Bošković je ostao pri uvjerenju da je on očuvan i u geometriji i u prirodi, za što donosi dokaze. To ga je dovelo do toga da izričito izrekne tvrdnju o kontinuumu realnih brojeva što je tek kasnije učinio njemački matematičar Dedekind, ali matematički egzaktnije. Isto tako ga je neprekinutost dovela do drukčijeg shvaćanja jednostavnosti krivulja, do mogućnosti geometrija drukčijih od euklidske, od pojma beskonačno daleke točke koju je tvorac projektivne geometrije J. V Poncelet kasnije smatrao presjekom paralelnih pravaca.
Očuvanje zakona neprekinutosti vodilo je Boškovića do nužnosti uvođenja odbojne sile. Boškovićev zakon sila prikazan krivuljom sila (curva Boscovichiana) jedan je jedini zakon kojim se tumače sve pojave u prirodi. Ta ideja jednog zakona aktualna je u suvremenoj znanosti u težnji ujedinjenja svih poznatih sila i svodenja na jednu stvarnost.
Iz Boškovićeve krivulje sila slijedi da su osnovni elementi tvari jednostavni, nedjeljivi, neprotežni, nepronični. Bošković je radikalno negirao postojanje dodira, što je proturječilo dotadašnjoj filozofijskoj tradiciji i iskustvu. Isto tako, tvar mu nije kontinuirano protežna, nego diskretno protežna. Sastavljanje tvarnih točaka u složenije strukture dovelo gaje do tzv. Boškovićeva modela atoma (1748) koji je utjecao na kasnija shvaćanja o strukturi tvari i koji je vrlo sličan Bohrovu modelu atoma (1913). Ni najnovija dostignuća u znanosti kao što su kvarkovski model i teorija kaosa ne bi za Boškovića bili iznenađenje. Zanimljive su velike sličnosti između Boškovićevih shvaĆanja promjene dimenzija tijela prilikom gibanja sa shvaćanjima teorije relativnosti. Jednako tako gibanje je u mikrosvijetu, kako ga shvaća Bošković, vrlo blisko Shvaćanju gibanja u kvantnoj teoriji.
Mnogi pojmovi filozofije prirode imaju kod Boškovića izvorno, katkad posve drugačije značenje nego što su imali u filozofijskoj i znanstvenoj tradiciji pa bi ih stoga bilo opravdano nazvati Boškovićevim imenom. |
| Sažetak (engleski) | The author aims to show the originality of Bošković's ideas in the field of natural philosophy. Special attention is paid to the central issues of natural philosophy, such as continuity, force, matter, space, time, and motion.
In spite of all the difficullies that indicated that the law of continuity would be violated, Bošković stood firm in his belief that the law remained valid in both nature and geometry, providing proof for his thesis. This had brought him to express his thoughts on the continuum of real numbers, confirmed much later in a mathematically exact way by the German mathematician Dedekind. Continuity had also led him to a different understanding of the simplicity of curves, as well as to the possibility of non-Euclidean geometries, and to the concept of an infinitely distant point which J. V. Poncelet, the founder of projective geometry, later interpreted as the intersection of parallel lines.
Retainment of the law of continuity made it necessary for Bošković to introduce the concept of a repellent force. Bošković's law of forces, represented by the curve of forces (curva Boscovichiana), is the one and only law that explains all the natural occurences. The idea of a single law is increasingly important in modern science in view of the intentions to unite all the known forces and as regards the reduction to a single reality.
The Bošković's curve of forces implies that the fundamental elements of matter are simple, indivisible, nonspatial and non transparent. Bošković radically denied the existence of contact, contradicting the earlier philosophical tradition and experience. In the same way, his matter is not continually spatial, but discreetly spatial. Joining material points into compound structures introduced the so-called Bošković's model of atom (1748) which influenced later views on the structure of matter and which is quite similar to Bohr's (1913). The most recent achievements, such as the quark model and the theory of chaos, would not have been a surprise to Bošković.
There are interesting similarities between Bošković's views on the changes dimensions of bodies in motion and the views of the theory of relativity. Motion in micro-world, as understood by Bošković, is likewise similar to the understanding of motion in quantum theory.
Many terms in natural philosophy assume original, sometimes entirely different meanings in Bošković than in philosophical and scientific tradition, so it would be appropriate to name them after Bošković. |
